East India Company and Nawab of Bengal : Advent of Europeans (Modern India)

East India Company and Nawab of Bengal  (Modern India) 

The arrival of European trading companies in India

•  Portuguese East India Company(1498)
•  English East India Company(1600)
•  Dutch East India Company(1602)
•  Danish East India Company(1616)
•  French East India Company(1664)
•  Swedish East India Company(1731)

        State                         Establisher           

1. Bengal                Murshid Quli Khan and Alivardi Khan
2. Punjab                Ranjit Singh
3. Mysore                Haider Ali
4. Hyderabad          Nizam-ul-Mulk
5. Karnataka           Saadat Ulla Khan
6. Awadh                Saadat Khan and Safdar Jung  

British in Bengal: 

        

        The British first factory in Bengal during Shah Jahan's time Placed at Hooghly in 1651 with the permission of Shuja (Bengal Subedar). It was only in 1651 that Shuja gave the company the privilege of trade in exchange for an annual tax of three thousand rupees by a firm. After that, English cells were opened in places like Kasimbazar, Patna, etc. Mir Jumla imposed several restrictions on the company's trade after becoming the Subedar of Bengal in 1658, but the company regained several advantages in the trade in 1672 as soon as Shaista Khan became the Subedar. Subedar in 1691 | Ibrahim Khan confirmed the 1651 privilege. In 1698, the British got the zamindari of three villages, namely Sutanuti, Kalikata, and Govindpur from the Subedar Azim-us-Shan, then later called Fort William, in 1717, the Mughal Emperor Farrukhsiyar reaffirmed the commercial privilege given by the previous Subedars. According to which the British were exempted from octroi tax in lieu of annual tax of three thousand rupees. The company was empowered to knock (pass) the goods from one place to another and they were also allowed to rent additional land near Kolkata. But this Farman remained a cause of conflict between the British and the Nawabs of Bengal because on one hand, revenue to Bengal. There was a loss of money and on the other hand, the knock was used by the servants of the company for their personal business to avoid taxes. The abuse of this privilege by the British by all the Nawabs of Bengal Was opposed.

Siraj-ud-daula (Mirza Muhammad)

        He ascended the throne after the death of Alivardi Khan on 9 April 1756 AD. The relations with the British had been bitter since the last time of Alivardi about more fortifications of Calcutta. The opposition of Siraj-ud-daulah to become the Nawab was being done by Shaukat Jung of Purnia and the dragged Begum of Dhaka, with whom the British were supporting. In addition to this, the British imposed a heavy tax on Indian goods coming to Calcutta when the Nawab demanded tax. Apart from this, both sides started the fortifications of Calcutta and Chandranagar (Chandan Nagar) due to the fear of war between the British and the French. The British paid no heed to Siraj's refusal, where the French agreed to him, which made the Nawab's war with the British inevitable.

Black Hole: June 20, 4756 at Fort William Siraj-ud-daulah took possession. British officials fled and took refuge on the island of Fulta. It is said in this attack that Nawab Siraj-ud-daula closed one hundred and forty-six British prisoners for a night in a small black hole cell, of which only twenty-three men survived. But the veracity of this incident is doubtful. This story is described by Houlshel, who was also a prisoner himself. After this incident one led by Clive and Watson, The army reached Calcutta from Madras, where it easily regained Calcutta on 2 January 1757. The Nawab recaptured Kolkata in 1757. Nawab Siraj-ud-daula made a treaty with the British on 9 February 1757 at Alinagar (Calcutta) in which he acceded to all the demands of the British.

The Battle of Plassey

    thereafter, the British invaded the French colony Chandranagar and conquered it in March 1757 Which was opposed by Siraj-ud-daula and gave shelter to the French fugitives. The British decided to make Mirzafar the Nawab in place of Siraj-ud-Daula. Rai Rare Jagat Seth and Amichand were involved in this conspiracy. On 23 June 1757, the Nawab and British forces were defeated on the Plassey Plain at a distance of 30 km from Murshidabad, in which Siraj-ud-Daula was defeated and reduced to A. 46/88. On 25 June Mir Jafar was declared the Nawab of Bengal. From Mir Jafar, the British got land of 24 Parganas and about 17700000 rupees, allowed to do business in Bengal, Bihar, Odisha without paying tax. Historically, the Battle of Plassey has great significance. This opened the way for the British to conquer Bengal and eventually paved the way for the victory of the whole of India.

Revolution of 1760: Although Mir Jafar succeeded in getting the throne of Bengal with the help of the British, he could not fulfill the demand of the British for long. In addition, Clive used to intervene in administration as well. Bored by these, Mir Jafar conspired with the Dutch of Chinsura, but in November 1759, the British defeated the Dutch in the Battle of Bedara. Enraged by all these events, the British made a treaty with Mir Jafar's son-in-law Mir Qasim (September 27, 1760), in which he was to pay the dues to the company in exchange for the post of Naib Subedar and give the districts of Bardaman, Midnapore and Chittagong. Mir Qasim was appointed the Nawab in October 1760, after Mir Jafar's refusal to give Mir Qasim the post of Naib Subedar. This phenomenon is called the revolution of 1760. 

Mir Qasim: Mir Qasim provided huge amount of money to the officers of the company. After Mir Qasim Alivardi Khan, Bengal was the Qualified Nawab. He shifted his Radhani from Murshidabad to Purnia. The army was formed on the European system, the British did not accept to be a puppet in the hands of the British. The differences started with the steps taken by the British to stop the misuse of the Mughal decree of Mir Qasim in 1717. Mir Kasim, taking drastic action, removed all internal taxes, which made the British and Indian businessmen alike.

 Battle of Buxar: 

The British defeated Mir Qasim in a number of wars in 1763, as a result of which he fled to Awadh, where he formed a union with Nawab Shuja-ud-daulah and Emperor Shah Alam II, in the Battle of Buxar on 22 October 1764. General Hector Munro defeated the Confederate army. Mir-Jafar was made Nawab again. Shah Alam joined the British and Mir Qasim fled. The battle of Buxar also has its own history in Indian history. Is important. It gave the power of the British in North India Established unopposed. He is the Nawab of Bengal Was a puppet of Awadh, Nawab of Awadh and Mughal Emperor is their pensioner. Paved the way for Delhi to win. 

Najmuddaula: After Mirzafar's death in early 1765, his son Najmuddaula was entrusted with the throne, but the reins of the rule were to be handed over to Naib Subedar. The British nominated and could not be removed without their consent. In addition, the Nawab had reduced his army strength. This recruitment was made by the Treaty of 20 February 1765. Company officials again drew about 15 lakh rupees from the new Nawab. 

Treaty of Allahabad: In May 1765, Clive came back as the Governor of Bengal and the Treaty of Allahabad (August 12, 1765) with Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II. According to this, the British received the Diwali of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa. In return, the company agreed to provide hard pension to Shah Alam and the district of Allahabad and an annual pension of twenty-six lakh rupees, henceforth, British protection to Shah Alam II in the fort of Allahabad. Had to live in Nawab Shuja-ud-Daula of Awadh was to pay fifty lakh rupees to the company as war compensation. In addition, the British promised military help to the Nawab at the time of external attack on the condition that if he would pay the cost of the army. 

Dual Government: Nawab Najmuddaula handed over the power of Nizam (police, judicial power) to the company by the Treaty of 1765. While the company gained civil (finance and revenue rights) powers by the treaty of Allahabad, as this Prakash Diwan, the company collected revenue directly and exercised Nizam powers as the Naib Subedar. In history, this system has been called Dual Government. The British benefited from this system. He had all the powers, but no responsibility. The Nawab officials did not have power. As a result, law and order, trade and commerce all got worse. Duplex rule lasted until 1767–1772, when it was abolished by Warren Hastings.

Highlights

•  For its export to Bengal in 1706-1756 About six crore fifty lakh rupees were received. 
• The main items of English trade in Bengal were silk, retail cotton clothes, shora and sugar.
• Jab Cha! An Englishman in Sutanuti in 1690 Established Kothi and thus laid the foundation of Calcutta.
•  After winning Kolkata in 1756, Siraj-ud-daula was renamed as Alinagar. has British commander 
• in the Battle of Plassey (June 23, 1757) Clive was the commander of the Nawab, Mirzafar.
•  The Battle of Plassey is also called the Revolution of 1757. 
• Clive was appointed Governor of Bengal by Calcutta Kausil in June 1758. Clive was given the title of Sabat Jung by the Mughal emperor. At the time of diarchy, the company sent Raja Shitab Rai to Bihar for civil works. Muhammad Raza Khan also served as the Naib Diwan of Bengal. Appointed. Muhammad Raza Khan named Naib Nazim 
• The rule of Bengal from 1765 to 1772 has been called Dual Government. 
• K, M. Panicker termed Clive's reign as Robber State. is
• . During the reign of Clive, British soldiers revolted against the devotees, which has been called White Mutiny.

Effect on economy in British India:

• The British had unilateral free trade since 1813 (Free Trade) policy adopted.
•  With the development of free trade and railways, the industries of spinning and weaving of cotton textile received the biggest shock.
•  Indian doors to European markets after 1820 Commodities closed for exports.
•  As a result of British policies, the medieval zamindars (who were merely responsible for collecting the revenue) now became the owners of that land.
•  Of British economic policies, Commercialisation took place. The land could now be bought or mortgaged as a commodity. 
• Ryotwari System: It was a system of raising land revenue, under which the ryot (farmer) gave his revenue directly to the government. Under this system, there was no middleman like the landowner, the talukdar between the farmer and the English government. About 51 percent of British land was covered under this arrangement (mainly in Bombay, Madras and Assam). 
• Mahalwari System: Under this arrangement, the fraternity of the village used to bear the burden of paying the money through its representatives (chiefs etc.). Then each person sharing the entire dues paid the amount fixed for himself, but ultimately he was responsible for the share of his companions and all of them. This system was applicable in Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, ie 30% of the total land of India. 
• The Martins Bird is remembered as the father of land-settlements is Northern India.
•  Neel Darpan: It was a play written in 1860 by Deenbandhu Mitra, describing the pitiable condition of indigo cultivators. The indigo dyeing industry was started in India in the late 18th century.
•  Permanent Settlement: This arrangement was implemented by Lord Cornwallis in 1793 on the suggestions of Sir John Shore. Under this a certain amount of rent, which was payable by the zamindars. Been set forever. The zamindar retained a portion (I / II) for his services. This system was applicable to the regions of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa and Benaras and Karnataka (19%).

Note: Applicable order: Rayatwadi (51%) by Tomas Monroe (1792) > Permanent Settlement (19% ) by Lord cornwallis (1793)> Mahalwadi  (30%) by Halt mckenzie (1819)