INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1885-1905) (Modern India)

INDIAN NATIONAL MOVEMENT (1885-1905)

 Elements of nationality were already in place in India. However, their organization of development took place during the British era itself. There were many reasons for the development of nationalism in India. The British ruled India only for their own benefit. This was well understood by Indians. Indians were also feeling that the English government would not benefit them in any way. Indians were stricken with the tyrannical and oppressive policy of the British. There was anger among Indians because of Dalhousie's non-acceptance of the ancestral property of the adopted son. This fury was also evident in the freedom struggle of 1857. Although this rebellion was suppressed by the British government, they could not destroy even the sentiment of the nationalism that had been instigated by the Indians. The British had propagated English education in India with the aim that they could prepare Indian clerks, but with the promotion of English education, Indians came into contact with Western literature. As a result, he started thinking about becoming independent. By the efforts of the English Governor Generals, the whole of India was tied up in one thread by rail, post and telegraph. Hence these instruments played an important role in awakening the national consciousness. The declaration of Bengal partition by Lord Curzon in 1905 made the ghee in the fire. The flood of movement for the attainment of independence came in all of India and this flood calmed down in 1947 itself. When India became completely independent.

Early political organization

 Bengal British India Society:

• This society was founded in 1843 AD. It was headed by an Englishman George Thomson. The members of the society were zamindars.
• The purpose of this institution is to give proper rights to the farmers and the public progress had to be done. 

British Indian Society: 

• The Assembly of Bengal Zamindars, formed in 1838 AD and the Bengal British India Society both were united together and established the British Indian Society in 1851 AD.
• Its main objective was the representation of Indians in administration.

Madras Native Association:

• It was founded in 1852 AD. Since the rebellion in this institution  condemned in 1857 AD. 
• Hence it could not get public support.

 Bombay Association:

• It included various castes and religious people of Bombay, wealthy businessmen and middle-class people. It Took place in 1852. 
• Its main objective is to conduct the Civil Services Examination in India and for Indians had to make an appointment in government posts. 

Poona Public Meeting: 

• This assembly was established in 1870 AD with the aim that this institution would maintain mediation between the government and the public. 

Indian League: 

• It was founded in 1875 AD by Shishir Kumar Ghosh.
• The main objective of the League is to awaken the nationalism feeling among the citizens and provide them political education.

Establishment of Indian National Congress (1885):

• Although the British had suppressed the rebellion in 1857. But they could not suppress the national sentiment born in Indian hearts. 
• The feeling of nationalism was becoming increasingly intense. This was the reason that to get political rights India Post National to run nationwide agitation He felt the need of the institution. 
• After 1857, by 1885, many institutions were also built. But these institutions did not get any special success. 
• In 1879, Lord Linton demoted Alan Octovium Hume, an English officer, due to policy differences. This incident made him a political Made agitator. 
• Later, on the advice of the then Governor Lord Dufferin, the same British officer, in consultation with Indian leaders, founded the Indian National Congress in 1885, and decided to call its first session in Pune. But due to the spread of plague in Poona, the convention could not be called there. 
• Hence, instead of Poona, the venue of the session was first held at Gokuldas Tejpal Sanskrit School in Bombay. 
• The session was presided over by Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee. 72 delegates attended this convention. 
• AO Hume was appointed secretary of this institution. 
• A branch of this institution was also opened in 1889 in England. 
• Although AO Hume as a safety valve Indian National Congress was established but soon Congress became committed to the freedom struggle. 
• The British government first cooperated with the Congress, then adopted the attitude of apathy but later adopted a policy of repression after opposition. 
• It was here that the policy of the Congress changed as well It continued till independence. After the establishment of the Congress, the freedom struggle which took place till 1947 AD can be studied in four stages. 

The first phase of the movement or the liberal period (1885-1905):

• After the first session in Bombay, the strength of Congress continued to increase. Early 20 years. Surendranath Banerjee, Dadabhai Naoroji, Ferozeshah Mehta, Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Vyomesh Chandra Banerjee and Pandit Madanmohan Malviya led the Indian National Congress.
• Because the fullness of British liberalism on these leaders - was the full effect. Therefore, these are called liberals and their era is called the liberal era. 
• Congress of Liberal statutory methods every year The demands passed in the session of newspapers and speeches Used to circulate in public through petitions and memorabilia in polite language Used to present 
• Congress, with its liberal methods, convenes every year Worked in creating national awareness, political education and a sense of organization among Indians. 
• In 1892, the Indian Council Act was passed. So that Indians have more political rights than before Were received. 
• The constant number of members participating in Congress Increased, but not many scholars nor liberals Critically criticized the methodology. 
• Whatever it is, the truth is that liberals have Struggled to achieve freedom through methods.