Indian National Movement (1905-1917) (Modern India)

 

Indian National Movement (1905-1917)

Second phase of the movement or militant period (1905-1919):

• Between 1905 AD to 1919, the Congress was led by leaders of a new radical ideology like Lokmanya Tilak, Vipin Chandrapal, Arvind Ghosh, Lala Lajpat Rai etc.
• This new ideology emerged after the Partition of Bengal. These people had different views from the leaders of the soft party. 
• These militants kept their goal of achieving self-rule. He thought that there could be no improvement without self-government. 
• They neither took the help of violence nor the government Said disobedience of laws. They only government Suggested adopting a policy of non-cooperation. 
• In the Surat session of 1907, both classes clashed Gone. 
• Ras Bihari Ghosh of the soft party won the election, militant Tilak was defeated. Also, expel him from Congress Given. 
• In 1908, he was jailed for 6 years. Vipinchandra Pal took leave. He was also expelled from the Congress. 
• In 1908, he was jailed for 6 years. Vipin Chandra Pal Took a break.
•  Arvind Ghosh Pondicherry and Lala Lajpat Rai went to America. When Tilak came out of jail, the militants started activities again. 
• In 1916, the militants re-entered the Congress and their dominance continued to grow

Partition of Bengal (1905):

• The British government became concerned with the increasing national consciousness in Bengal. So the then Governor Lord Curzon Follow the policy of divide and rule. 
• In order to crush the national sentiments, he partitioned Bengal on 20 July 1905 and divided Hindus and Muslims. 
• The partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon was a blatant attack on the nationality of India. This division was opposed everywhere. 
• People of all classes were affected by this movement. Unsuccessfully they tried to suppress this movement, 
• Surendranath Banerjee traveled all over India. Congress passed a resolution every year against the dissolution of Bangal. 
• In 1911, the government canceled  Bang Bhang, undivided Bengal was re-established. 

Swadeshi and Boycott Movement (1905)

• Swadeshi and boycott agitation was organized at various places. 
• Swadeshi movement launched at many places in the extracted form, Many agitators groups boycotted foreign clothes singing Vande Mataram.
• Indians burnt Holi of foreign cloth and expressed their opposition in front of the English government  
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale went to London facing the British government and prayed to cancel the partition of Bengal. But the British paid no heed to Gokhale's prayer. 
• Since the British government resorted to repression to suppress this movement. As a result, the era of extremism started.

 Rise of Muslim League (1906): 

• Seeing the growing power of the national movement, with the aim of weakening the national movement, divided Bengal following the policy of rule. 
• From here, the British succeeded to some extent in their objective. Differences arose between Hindus and Muslims. 
• Muslim leader Sir Syed Ahmad Khan told the Muslims, encouraged for separate elections and proper representation in various services. 
• Lord Minto supported it. As a result 30 In December 1906, pro-British Muslims established a Muslim League in Dhaka under the chairmanship of Nawab Bakasal Mulk. The main objectives of which were 

1. to make Indian Muslims loyal to the British Government and 
2. to protect the political rights and flowers of Indian Muslims, initially the League followed the communalism policy. But later its There was some change in policies and the League came close to the Congress.

 Surat session (1907): 

• After the break-up, Gokhale went to London and prayed to the British Government to cancel the partition of Bengal. A new radical ideology was born when his prayer was not heeded by the British government. 
• Lala Lajpat Rai, Bipin Chandra Pal, Bal Gangadhar Tilak were the main proponents of this ideology and were opposed to liberal policies. 
• In the Surat session of 1907, the differences became more clear, now the Congress divided into two parties- Naram and Ughra Dal. 
• The English government attempted to favor liberals by Marleminto's reforms.

 Marley Minto Reforms (1909): 

• India Secretary Marley talks to Lord Minto 1909 Marley passed a reform act in the E.D. Minto reform Known by name. 
• Through this act, the number of members of central and provincial assemblies and their rights were also increased somewhat.
• Separate constituencies were arranged for Hindus and Muslims. This policy of the British made the seeds of Pakistan. 
• Indians are not happy with these reforms of the English government Happened. Only the Muslims of Aligarh ideology were happy with the separate constituency facility, frustration was also spread among the liberal leaders of the Marley-Minto Reform Act. 

The Sedition Assembly Act (1911): 

• The extremists became most dissatisfied with the Marley Minto Reform Act. Revolutionary activities against the British government intensified. 
• To suppress these activities, the British Government passed the Sedition Assembly Act in 1911. 
• Lala Lajpat Rai, Ajit Singh and many revolutionary leaders were arrested and sent to jail. 

Delhi Durbar (1911):

• Lord Hardinge organized a grand court in Delhi in 1911 AD. In this court, Emperor George V and Queen Mary were called from England. 
• The cancellation of the partition of Bengal was announced in the court, as well as the announcement that now the capital of India would be Delhi in place of Calcutta. 
• The Bangla language region was made a province and by another declaration, a new province was created in the name of Bihar and Orissa. 

Formation of Gadar Dal (1913): 

• On November 1, 1913, Lala Hardayal, the great revolutionary leader of Punjab in San Francisco city of the United States, with the cooperation of Ramchandra and Barkatullah, mutiny Team formed Gadar Dal. 
• Its branches were also opened in other countries. Ras Bihari Bola, King Mahendra Pratap, Abdul Rahman and Cama etc.
• The main member of this team Lala Hardayal was gone to Germany at the start of World War I. Here in Berlin, he formed the Indian Independence Committee. 

Lucknow Pact (1916) 

• Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Maulana Mohammad Ali, Shaukat Ali, etc. were many Muslim leaders who were against communal policy. 
• The League was angry with the British after the Balkan War. Therefore, in the 1913 session, the Muslim League passed a resolution to obtain Swarajya in its Lucknow session. 
• Thus, in 1916, an agreement was reached between the Congress and the League in Lucknow, with the changing circumstances and the cooperation of Hindu-Muslim leaders, which is known as Lucknow Pact. 
• In this session, the Congress and the League formed a joint committee with the aim of reconciling the two institutions and formulated a plan. This plan is called the Congress League Scheme. 
• in this agreement, The demand for Communal representation of the Muslim League was accepted. After which extremely Fatal results came out. 
• In this session, Tilak was invited and the militants were included in the Congress. 

Homerul Movement (1916): 

• Bal Gangadhar after his release from prison in 1914 AD Tilak started organizing the militants in 1916, 
• he along with Mrs. Annie Besant, started the Homerul movement to attain self-government. 
• On April 28, 1916, with the inspiration of Mrs. Annie Besant Established the first Home Rule League in Poona.
• In September 1916, Mrs. Annie Besant founded the Home rule League in Madras. 
• Tilak his 'Maratha' and 'Kesari' and Anne Besant Through its 'common' and 'New India' newspapers publicized the strong demand for home rule and soon this movement spread all over India. 
• The British government started to suppress this movement harshly.
•  In 1917, the English government warned the students to stay away from this movement. Mrs. Anne Besant was arrested. 
• Tilak was about to launch a satyagraha to protest his arrest that Anne Besant was released by the government. 
• Not only this, on 20 August 1947, but it was also announced by the Secretary of India in the British Parliament that India would be given responsible governance. This movement ended as a result.