Political & Socio-religious Organization before INC (Modern India)

Political & Socio-religious Organization before INC

With the interaction of modern education and western countries, social consciousness awakened among modern educated people. He realized that Indian society is backward due to conservatism and superstition. As a result of this caste, there was a wave of a renaissance in India and many organizations launched movements for social reform. It had the following keynotes.

Raja Rammohan Roy: 

    He was the first educated person who voiced opposition to the evils. He is considered as the father of modern India. They opposed the caste system, sati system, idol worship etc. did. In 1816, he founded the Hindu College for Western Education in Calcutta. Ram Mohan Roy was attracted to modern ideas by studying English, Greek and Hindi. He Upanishads Translated into English. They are called the father of journalism in India. In 1828, he founded the Brahmo Samaj. its aim was to worship the eternal, all-pervasive, unchangeable God who is the doer and protector of the whole world. He died in 1833 in Bristol (England). Maharishi Devendra Nath Tagore gave a new life to this institution in 1842 AD. Keshav Chandra Sen made it popular and the Adi Brahmo Samaj in 1867.

 

Prayer Society:

 With the inspiration of Chandra Sen Prayer Samaj was established in 1867 AD in Bombay. Its chief leaders Mahadev Govind Ranade and N. G. Chandravarkar was The Dalit caste board and Deccan Shiksha Sabha established by this society did commendable work. 

Arya Samaj (1875) : 

   Its founder was Swami Dayanand. This movement arose in response to western influences that happened. Swami Dayanand's Guru Swami Virjanand was Swami Both Dayanand and his guru believed in pure Vedic tradition. He gave the slogan of "moving towards the Vedas" to the Hindus of India. Swami Dayanand's real name was Moolshankar. Swami was born in AD 1824 in a Brahmin clan, resident of the princely state of Maurvi. In 1863, he hoisted the flag of false religions. He founded the Arya Samaj in Bombay in 1875 to re-establish the ancient Vedic religion. He also wrote commentaries on the Vedas by attending a religious conference in Chicago in September 1897 AD. Idol worship, polytheism in Swami Ji religious area. They did not accept avatarism, animal sacrifice, shraddha and false rituals and superstitions. He touched untouchability in the social field. Social evils like the caste system Opposed to. He was the first social reformer, who used the Shudra and The women agitated for reading the Vedas and getting higher education, wearing Yajnopavit and equal rights of all other upper caste and men. Written, which is called the Bible of Arya Samaj. His followers contributed significantly to the spread of education. He wrote a book named "Satyarth Prakash" (Hindi). His follower Swami Shraddhanand started the purification movement and founded Gurukul Kangri (Haridwar).

 Ramakrishna Mission: 

 In 1902 AD Swami Vivekananda founded the Ramakrishna Mission in Belur, Bengal in 1896 AD in memory of his mentor Swami Ramakrishna Paramahamsa. His first name was Narendra Natha Dutt, Swami Vivekananda was a Karmayogi and Vedanti. In 1893, by attending the Parliament of Religions in Chicago, he brought western culture from Indian culture and philosophy. Make aware. They clearly said that they do not believe in a religion that cannot wipe the tears of a widow or give bread to an orphan. 

Theosophical Society:

 A Russian woman, Madame H.P. Blavatsky (1831–91) And an American military officer, Colonel H.S. Alcott in the United States in 1875 Theosophical Society established. He came to India in 1875 and established its main center at Adyar near Madras in 1886 AD. Annie Besant entered the society in 1886 AD And four years later she settled in India. The purpose of this society was to reestablish ancient Hinduism and to give a logical explanation of the old law laws. Annie Besant established the Central Hindu School in Banaras, later this was evolved in the form of the Banaras Hindu University (BHU).

In 1851 AD, the Reunumai Mazdayan Sabha was established for the reform of religions in Nauroji Fardonji, Dadabhai Naoroji, MS. Bengali and others did. 

Improvement of Sikhs.

 This movement started with the establishment of Khalsa College at Amritsar in the late nineteenth century. These reforms were further intensified by the Akali movement in Punjab in 1920 AD. Their main purpose was to make the management of gurdwaras clean. The Akalis made a new Sikh Act in 1922. But then with the help of this act Sikhs expelled corrupt Mahato from the gurdwaras by direct action.

The Ahmadiyya Movement :

    It was a famous Muslim movement of the 19th century. Its promoter was Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (1839–1908). This movement under the Gurdaspur district of Punjab Qadiyan came from the city. Mirza Sahab wrote his principles in his book Barahin-e-Ahmadiyya, published in 1880. Explained in In 1891 AD, Mirza Saheb called himself Christ-ul-Otd. Or he was called the Messiah, the description of which Muslim religion Is in the books and started calling himself an avatar of Krishna in 1904 AD. This movement also did a very commendable job in spreading social service and learning among Muslims. Sir Syed Ahmed in the field of reforming Muslims Khan and Maulvi Chirag are important contributors of Delhi. Chirag Delhi worked in East India Company and Inspired his colleagues to take a proper place in the company administration. They were anti-polygamy and Continued efforts to improve the position of Muslim women.

Syed Ahmed: 

Syed Ahmed joined the company in 1838 and He remained a loyalist until 1857. After 1857, he founded the British Empire and the Muslims. Tried to make better relations between. After returning from abroad, he renounced the malpractices of Muslim society and took western education for inspiration. In 1875 AD, he founded the Anglo-Muslim School in Aligarh which later (1921 AD) became Aligarh Muslim The university known as (AMU). 

Other reform movements:

King Ram Mohan Roy abolished the act of Sati in the time of  William Bantik by the Act in AD 1929. Child infanticide was declared illegal by Bengal Regulation No 21 of 1765. In 1856, the widow marriage was given legal recognition by the Hindu Widow Remarriage Act. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar played an important role in it. In Maharashtra, Keshav Karve made valuable efforts for the upliftment of women, in 1899 Karve built a Hindu widow home in Pune. Was established. In 1916, Karve established an Indian Women's University in Bombay. In 1905 Gopal Krishna Gokhale formed the Servants of Indian Society to protect the interests of the Indian public. Established. In 1911, Shri Narayan Rao Malhar Joshi founded the Social Service League (1910) to discuss social problems in Bombay. 

Self-Esteem Movement

 It was launched in Tamil Nadu. Its leader was EV Ramaswamy Nayakar.

 

Satyashodhak Society:

It was founded by Jyotiba Phule in Maharashtra. Phule laid emphasis on human rights and the abolition of the caste system. A school of untouchables was established in Poona in 1851. The artisan castes of Madras demanded an end to the monopoly of Brahmins from government jobs and submitted an application to the Board of Revenue, in which they applied for recruitment on all government positions without distinction. He started a newspaper called Justice (Nyaya) in 1917 AD to spread the interests of Brahmins. In Andhra, the Kamma and Reddy two Brahmin castes established their dominance over the rural economy, the labor union movement among the Brahmins: In 1932, Gandhiji founded the All India Harijan Association. In Bihar, Jagjivan Ram founded an agricultural labor organization based on Dalits. Progressed. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar inspired Dalit farmers and laborers to struggle by establishing Swatantra Mazdoor Party. 

Trade Union Movement

• Efforts for the interests and facilities of the workers started in 1881 (Ripon) itself. The second factory law was passed in 1891 when the first factory law was enacted.
• In 1897, for the first time, a labor organization came out, called the Society of Railway Servants of India and Verma, by carriage, permanent membership and clear rules. 
• In 1905, the Printers Union became a trade union called Calcutta.
• Bombay Postal Union was formed in 1907 AD. 
• In 1910, Social Service League, Bombay and in 1910 only the Workers Beneficial Assembly etc. were established. 
• The first regular trade union in 1918 in Madras by VP Wadia in the name of Textile Labor Union Was launched. 
• Indian Siemens Union in 1916, Ahmedabad in 1920 Textile Workers Union, Indian Cagli Employees Association in 1920 and Jamshedpur Labor Association in 1920 were established. 
• The All India Trade Union Congress was established in 1920 AD. Its first conference was held on 31st October 1920 in Bombay Was presided over by Lala Lajpat Rai.
• In 1926 Central Legislative Assembly passed the Trade Union Act. The trade union movement intensified from 1926 onwards.
• At the Nagpur conference of 1929 AD, there was a split between groups of liberals and militants. 
• N. M. Joshi, formed a new organization All India Trade Union Federation. 
• In 1931, Ranadive R. Deshpande wrote AITUC. except All India Red Trade Union Congress established. 
• In 1938, the Communists organized a strike in Nagpur and Sholapur. 
• The government banned the Communist Party. All the unions started fighting together. 
• Ten in the Federal Assembly and 38 in the provincial legislatures. This movement gained momentum when workers' representatives were elected on the seats. 
• In 1917, Congress leaders founded the Indian Trade Union Congress. 
• Socialist leaders held Hind Mazdoor Sabha established in 1948.
•  In 1948, Prof. K. P. Sah United Trade Union Congress Formed. There was unprecedented industrial unrest in the country
• In 1928, There were a total of 203 strikes, not by economic demands. Was inspired by political ideas.
• Many strikes took place in 1940 as well, especially because labor organizations could not stand apart from political events.